abstract：:Eosinophils play a prominent pro-inflammatory role in allergic inflammation. Studies utilizing flow chambers, intravital video-microscopy, and cytokine and adhesion molecule-deficient mice have provided important insight into the mechanisms of eosinophil trafficking in inflamed blood vessels and into tissues in vivo. ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Broide D,Sriramarao P

更新日期：2001-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mast cells (MC) are multipotent effector cells of the immune system. They contain an array of biologically active mediator substances in their granules. MC also express a number of functionally important cell surface antigens, including stem cell factor receptor (SCFR=kit=CD117), high affinity IgER (FcepsilonRI), or C...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Valent P,Schernthaner GH,Sperr WR,Fritsch G,Agis H,Willheim M,Bühring HJ,Orfao A,Escribano L

更新日期：2001-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecules drive the development, activation and homeostasis of CD4* T-helper cells. They play a central role in key processes of the adaptive immune system, such as the generation of T-cell-mediated immune responses, the regulation of antibody production and the develo...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Waldburger JM,Masternak K,Muhlethaler-Mottet A,Villard J,Peretti M,Landmann S,Reith W

更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The biological roles of two interferon-inducible chemokines, monokine induced by gamma interferon (Mig) and cytokine responsive gene (Crg-2), in the immune response against vaccinia virus (VV) and ectromelia virus (EV) infections are discussed. To investigate their antiviral effects in vivo, the expression profiles of...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Mahalingam S,Foster PS,Lobigs M,Farber JM,Karupiah G

更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We first identified the RANTES chemokine as part of a search for genes expressed by T lymphocytes "late", 3-5 days, after T-cell activation. The kinetics of expression of RANTES and a small number of other genes are unusual and the mechanism of such delayed expression is unknown. In order to uncover a mechanism for su...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Song A,Nikolcheva T,Krensky AM

更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The pivotal discovery that two chemokine receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, serve along with the T-cell receptor-interacting CD4 molecule as the principal co-receptors for HIV-1 entry stimulated a search for common genetic polymorphism in their genes which might affect the course of AIDS. Four mutational variants, CCR5-delta3...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： O'Brien SJ,Moore JP

更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The immature and transitional immature B-cell stages define an important window in B-cell development, as it is at this point that cells committed to the B-cell lineage first express the clonotypic B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) and cells expressing self-reactive specificities may be identified and eliminated. The intr...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： King LB,Monroe JG

更新日期：2000-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Self-tolerance is achieved by deleting or regulating self-reactive lymphocytes at a series of cellular checkpoints placed at many points along the developmental pathways to plasma cells and effector T cells. At each checkpoint, what are the molecular pathways that determine whether a lymphocyte remains quiescent, begi...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Glynne R,Ghandour G,Rayner J,Mack DH,Goodnow CC

更新日期：2000-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Considerable progress has been made in defining intermediate stages in the process leading from stem cells to mature B cells. Cell-bound and secreted molecules direct the progression through these stages and regulate the selection of clones from which the immune repertoire emerges. In fact, a myriad of signals derived...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Stoddart A,Fleming HE,Paige CJ

更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In mice, the absence of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Tdt) expression during fetal and neonatal life provides a window in development where clones of lymphocytes are generated that provide protective immunity. Introducing premature Tdt activity interferes with the development of these clones and results in an...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Benedict CL,Gilfillan S,Thai TH,Kearney JF

更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major human pathogen that causes chronic infection and life-threatening liver diseases in millions of individuals. While pathological and epidemiological consequences of clinically evident HBV infections are well recognized, there is no similar knowledge on an asymptomatic, silently progre...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Michalak TI

更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a cholestatic liver disease characterised by immune-mediated destruction of the biliary epithelial cells (BEC) lining the intrahepatic bile ducts (non-suppurative destructive cholangitis (NSDC)). Autoantibody and autoreactive T-cell responses specific for the self-antigen pyruvate de...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Yeaman SJ,Kirby JA,Jones DE

更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The innate immune system is an evolutionarily ancient form of host defense found in most multicellular organisms. Inducible responses of the innate immune system are triggered upon pathogen recognition by a set of pattern recognition receptors. These receptors recognize conserved molecular patterns shared by large gro...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Medzhitov R,Janeway C Jr

更新日期：2000-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:MHC class I molecules function to present peptides comprised of eight to 11 residues to CD8+ T lymphocytes. Here we review the efforts of our laboratory to understand how cells generate such peptides from viral gene products. We particularly focus on the nature of substrates acted on by cytosolic proteases, the contri...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Yewdell J,Antón LC,Bacik I,Schubert U,Snyder HL,Bennink JR

更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Determination of the crystal structure of class II: peptide complexes has shown that in addition to pocket interactions involving the side chains of the peptide, peptide binding to MHC class II molecules is characterized by a series of hydrogen bonds which are contributed by genetically conserved amino acid residues i...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Sant AJ,Beeson C,McFarland B,Cao J,Ceman S,Bryant PW,Wu S

更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hookworm infection is a major parasitic cause of morbidity in the developing nations of the tropics. Development of a genetically engineered vaccine would be a useful tool in the control of this infection in highly endemic areas. Recombinant polypeptides belonging to the Ancylostoma secreted protein (ASP)-1 family hav...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Hotez PJ,Ghosh K,Hawdon JM,Narasimhan S,Jones B,Shuhua X,Sen L,Bin Z,Haechou X,Hainan R,Heng W,Koski RA

更新日期：1999-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:On the basis of cell surface markers, mature T cells are considered to have either a naïve or a memory phenotype. These cells exhibit distinct types of kinetic behaviour in vivo. While naïve-phenotype cells persist long term in a non-dividing state, memory-phenotype T cells include cycling cells and exhibit a more rap...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Tough DF,Sun S,Zhang X,Sprent J

更新日期：1999-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this review we address questions which must be considered if better attempts are to be made to treat all persons presently infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There are thirty million people in the world presently living with HIV, only 10% of whom are likely to be able to access currently available dr...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Gotch F,Hardy G,Imami N

更新日期：1999-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There is now convincing evidence that autoreactive CD8+ T cells can contribute to the pathogenesis of organ-specific autoimmune diseases. In the non-obese diabetic mouse, there is direct evidence that beta-islet cell-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells have a pathogenic effect. In human diseases such as autoimmune diabete...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Vizler C,Bercovici N,Cornet A,Cambouris C,Liblau RS

更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The mammalian defense system can respond to a variety of threats, but this capability is not just a simple alarm system for triggering antigen-presenting cells and initiating cellular immunity. Instead, the body is an integrated system in which nearly every cell type can relay the alarm through the production of chemo...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Lo D,Feng L,Li L,Carson MJ,Crowley M,Pauza M,Nguyen A,Reilly CR

更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The co-evolution of papillomaviruses (PV) and their mammalian hosts has produced mechanisms by which PV might avoid specific and non-specific host immune responses. Low level expression of PV proteins in infected basal epithelial cells, together with an absence of inflammation and of virus-induced cell lysis, restrict...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Frazer IH,Thomas R,Zhou J,Leggatt GR,Dunn L,McMillan N,Tindle RW,Filgueira L,Manders P,Barnard P,Sharkey M

更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mouse retrovirus-induced lymphoma/leukemia and immunodeficiency are useful models for analogous human diseases. Both ecotropic (mouse tropic) and recombinant retroviruses, including the polytropic mink cytopathic focus-inducing type, have been studied for disease pathogenesis and as targets for humoral and cellular im...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Green WR

更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The genes that encode molecules involved in antigen presentation within the class I and class II regions of the mammalian major histocompatibility complex (MHC) include several that are highly polymorphic. There is evidence that this polymorphism is maintained by positive selection, most likely overdominant selection,...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Yeager M,Hughes AL

更新日期：1999-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In swine, the major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) or swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) is located on chromosome 7 and divided by the centromere. Thus, the telomeric class I and more centromeric class III regions are located on the p arm and the class II region is located on the q arm. The SLA region spans about 2 Mb, i...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Chardon P,Renard C,Vaiman M

更新日期：1999-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The pattern of polymorphisms at MHC loci was studied by computer simulations and by DNA sequence analyses, with special reference to synonymous and non-synonymous divergence among alleles. A model of overdominance plus short-term selection was simulated for a gene family with allelic and non-allelic gene conversion. I...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Ohta T

更新日期：1999-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Complement is a humoral factor of innate immunity and plays important roles in immune surveillance and clearance of invading pathogens. Mammalian complement consists of the classical (antibody-dependent), the alternative (antibody-independent) and the lectin (triggered by mannose-binding lectin) pathways of activation...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Nakao M,Yano T

更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in teleost fish is structurally similar to that in mammals, comprising a series of variable gene segments upstream of two constant region genes coding for IgM and IgD. Atlantic salmon have been shown to possess two distinct heavy chain loci, related to the tetraploid ancestry of th...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Hordvik I

更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Peptides derived from parasites are presented to T helper cells by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II alpha beta heterodimeric cell-surface molecules. In mice and humans, the genes encoding these antigen-presenting molecules are known to be polymorphic and polygenic. Multiple loci for MHC class II A and B...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： McConnell TJ,Godwin UB,Cuthbertson BJ

更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Thymic dendritic cells (DC) mediate negative selection at a relatively late stage of the T-cell developmental pathway. We present evidence that the development of thymic DC and of T-lineage cells is linked via a common precursor at an early stage of thymocyte development. T-lineage precursor populations from the adult...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Shortman K,Vremec D,Corcoran LM,Georgopoulos K,Lucas K,Wu L

更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The processes of T-cell development and activation employ similar immature and mature receptors as well as similar signal transduction pathways to achieve different outcomes. Many signaling molecules are shared between the receptor signaling pathways, including two families of cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases, the...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Chu DH,Morita CT,Weiss A

更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Viral infections may induce and sustain autoimmune processes via several and overlapping mechanisms. We outline how chronic inflammation, sustained by persisting viruses, may be "the prerequisite" for initiation and maintenance of the multistep process leading to autoimmunity. Chronic inflammation may favour priming o...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Di Rosa F,Barnaba V

更新日期：1998-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, a Th1-biased autoimmune response arises spontaneously against glutamic acid decarboxylase, concurrent with the onset of insulitis. Subsequently, Th1-type autoreactivity spreads intra- and intermolecularly to other beta-cell autoantigens (beta CAAs), suggesting that a spontaneous ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Tian J,Olcott AP,Hanssen LR,Zekzer D,Middleton B,Kaufman DL

更新日期：1998-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There are two distinct pathways by which T cells may recognize MHC alloantigens. The direct pathway involves T-cell recognition of intact MHC molecules expressed by donor antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The second, or indirect, pathway describes T-cell recognition of peptides derived from the processing and presentat...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Suciu-Foca N,Harris PE,Cortesini R

更新日期：1998-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Structures of two intact monoclonal antibodies were solved by X-ray diffraction analysis revealing, in both cases, the dispositions of all segments, as well as the structures of the hinge polypeptides. An IgG1, whose antigen is the drug phenobarbital, assumed a completely different conformation when compared with an I...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Harris LJ,Larson SB,Skaletsky E,McPherson A

更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Superantigens (SAGs) are a class of disease-causing and immunostimulatory proteins of bacterial or viral origin that activate T cells by binding to the V beta domain of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR). The three-dimensional structure of the complex between a TCR beta chain (mouse V beta 8.2-J beta 2.1-C beta 1) and ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Li H,Llera A,Mariuzza RA

更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rabbits have helped elucidate one of the major immunologic puzzles, namely the genetic control of antibody diversity. The primary IgH antibody repertoire in rabbits is dominated by B cells that use the same germline VH-gene segment in VDJ gene rearrangements. The VDJ genes of essentially all B lymphocytes undergo soma...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Knight KL,Barrington RA

更新日期：1998-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The sequence analysis of Ig variable region genes transcribed within different B-cell subpopulations from human tonsil led us to identify a rare DNA sequence modification event consisting of bp insertions and/or deletions (I/D). Although these events were previously reported, they had never been formally associated wi...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Wilson P,Liu YJ,Banchereau J,Capra JD,Pascual V

更新日期：1998-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the human, most IgM+IgD+ as well as CD5+ peripheral blood B cells express unmutated V genes and thus can be assigned to a pre-germinal centre (GC) stage of development. The memory B-cell compartment generated in the GC reaction and characterized by cells bearing somatically mutated V-region genes consists not only ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Klein U,Goossens T,Fischer M,Kanzler H,Braeuninger A,Rajewsky K,Küppers R

更新日期：1998-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article focuses on four human carboxypeptidases (CPs): two metallo-CPs and two serine CPs. The metallo-CPs are members of the so-called B-type regulatory CP family, as they cleave only the C-terminal basic amino acids Arg or Lys. The plasma membrane-bound CPM and the mainly, but not exclusively, intracellular CPD...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Skidgel RA,Erdös EG

更新日期：1998-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The age-associated changes in humoral immunity affect the quality more than the quantity of the antibody response. Changes in the quality of the antibody response with age include shifts in antibody specificities from foreign to autoantigens, in antibody isotypes from IgG to IgM, in antibody affinities from high to lo...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： LeMaoult J,Szabo P,Weksler ME

更新日期：1997-12-01 00:00:00